Which of the following best completes the passage below?
One tax-reform proposal that has gained increasing support in recent years is the flat tax, which would impose a uniform tax rate on incomes at every level. Opponents of the flat tax say that a progressive tax system, which levies a higher rate of taxes on higher-income taxpayers, is fairer, placing the greater burden on those better able to bear it. However, the present crazy quilt of tax deductions, exemptions, credits, and loopholes benefits primarily the high-income taxpayer, who is consequently able to reduce his or her effective tax rate, often to a level below that paid by the lower-income taxpayer. Therefore, ______

(A) higher-income taxpayers are likely to lend their support to the flat-tax proposal now being considered by Congress
(B) a flat-tax system that allowed no deductions or exemptions would substantially increase actual government revenues
(C) the lower-income taxpayer might well be penalized by the institution of a flat-tax system in this country
(D) the progressive nature of our present tax system is more illusory than real
(E) the flat tax would actually be fairer to the lower-income taxpayer than any progressive tax system could be

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Many community colleges suffer declining enrollments during periods of economic ressession. At government retraining programs, which are not provided free of charge, enrollment figures boom during these periods when many people have less money and there is more competition for jobs.
Each of the following, if true, helps to explain the enrollment increases in government retraining programs above EXCEPT:

A)During periods of economic slowdown, government retraining programs are more likely that community colleges to prpare their students for the jobs that are still available.
B) During periods of economic prosperity, grauates of government retraining programs often continue their studies in community colleges.
C) Tuition at most government retraining programs is a fraction of that at community colleges.
D) Government retraining programs devote more resources than do other colleges to attracting those studnets especially affected by economic slowdowns.
E) Students at government retraining programs, but not those at most community colleges, can control the cost of their studies by choosing the number of courses they take each term.

After adopting broadband internet access, wireless personal digital assistants, and super-fast home PCs, Weston Insurance has hired new employees, which doubles to 250 the junior staff in the claims department working from home.

A. which doubles to 250 the junior staff in the claims department
B. doubling to 250 the number of junior staff members in the claims department
C. which doubles to 250 the junior staff of the claims department
D. doubling to 250 the number of junior staff members of the claims department
E. which doubles to 250 the junior staff in the claims department that

The eastern pipistrelle bats leave their caves to hunt for food only on nights when the air is filled with insects. When insects are scarce, the bats remain in their roost. Of course, insects, being cold-blooded, prefer warm weather while cold weather makes them sluggish and unable to fly. So it might be theorized that the bats use air temperature as a guide to hunting conditions. But the bats roost a quarter-mile inside the cave, so temperature changes in the air outside the cave don’t register on them.

Which of the following, if true, best explains the seeming paradox described above?

(A) The eastern pipistrelle bats are not the only bats that exhibit the ability to know when hunting conditions will be good and when they will be bad.

(B) Insects are likely to be more active during warm weather conditions even though it is true that predators are also more active.

(C) Bats that do not roost in caves demonstrate the ability to distinguish even slight changes in the ambient air temperature.

(D) On those days on which hunting conditions are likely to be mediocre, some of the bats leave the cave to hunt but others do not.

(E) Even deep in the cave, the bats are able to detect the changes in barometric pressure that are associated with different weather conditions.

Bonuses at DSR Industries cannot be awarded unless profits exceed a ten percent return on stockholders’ investments in the company. Higher profits mean higher bonuses. Therefore, bonuses in a year of general economic recession will be considerably lower than bonuses in a year of peak profits at DSR.The conclusion above depends on the assumption that

(A) the firm will have relatively low profits in recession years
(B) the amount represented by a ten percent return on stockholders’ investments in the company will increase from year to year
(C) profits rarely exceed a ten percent return on stockholders’ investments in the company
(D) profits in excess of a ten percent return on stockholders’ investments in the company are all distributed in the form of bonuses
(E) bonuses at DSR never drop to zero

Current farm policy is institutionalized penalization of consumers. It increases food prices for middle- and low-income families and costs the taxpayer billions of dollars a year.
Which of the following statements, if true, would provide support for the author’s claims above?
I. Farm subsidies amount to roughly $20 billion a year in federal payouts and $12 billion more in higher food prices.
II. According to a study by the Department of Agriculture, each $1 of benefits provided to farmers for ethanol production costs consumers and taxpayers $4.
III. The average full-time farmers have an average net worth of over $300,000.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only
(E) I, II, and III

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The average normal infant born in the United States weighs between twelve and fourteen pounds at the age of three months. Therefore, if a three-month-old child weighs only ten pounds, its weight gain has been below the United States average.
Which of the following indicates a flaw in the reasoning above?

A) Weight is only one measure of normal infant development.
B) Some three-month-old children weigh as much as seventeen pounds.
C) It is possible for a normal child to weigh ten pounds at birth.
D) The phrase ?below average? does not necessarily mean insufficient.
E) Average weight gain is not the same as average weight.

A drug that is highly effective in treating certain types of cancerous growth can, at present, be obtained only from the cartilage of a particular sub-species of shark, a sub-species which is quite rare in the wild.? One must kill 50 sharks to make one pound of the drug.? If follows, therefore, that continued production of the drug must inevitably lead to the extinction of this sub-species of shark.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

A) The drug made from the shark cartilage is dispensed to doctors from a central authority.
B) The drug made from the shark cartilage is expensive to produce.
C) Other organs of the shark can be utilized to produce different drugs.
D) The sub-species of shark will reproduce in captivity under the proper conditions.
E) This sub-species of shark generally lives in largely inaccessible waters.