Psychologists conducted a series of experiments to test the effect upon schoolchildren of violence in films. In the first experiment, grammar school children were shown a film that included scenes of a male teenager engaging in violent acts against others, such as punching, pushing, and kicking. During a free-play session following the film viewing, 42 percent of the children were observed to engage in one or more violent acts similar to those in the film. In a second experiment, a different group of children was shown a similar film featuring a female teenager. Only 14 percent of the children were observed behaving violently afterward. The psychologists concluded that children are more likely to imitate violent behavior on film when a male model is shown than when a female model is shown.

Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the psychologists’ conclusion?

(A) In both experiments, the victims of the filmed violence included both males and females.
(B) In the second experiment, 28 percent of the children appeared upset during the viewing the violent film scenes.
(C) The first group included 19 male students and 20 female students; the second group included 20 male students and 21 female students.
(D) In the first group, 58 percent of the children appeared bored during the showing of the film, and 12 percent fell asleep.
(E) The percentage of children known to have discipline problems prior to the experiment was greater in the first group than in the second group.

Mainline Airways was bought by its employees six years ago. Three years ago, Mainline hired QualiCo Advertising Agency to handle its promotions and advertising division. Today Mainline’s profits are over 20 percent higher than they were five years ago and 10 percent higher than they were three years ago. Employee ownership and a good advertising agency have combined to make Mainline more profitable.

Which of the following best describes the weak point in the argument above?

(A) It fails to establish a causal connection between the change in ownership at Mainline Airways and the hiring of QualiCo, on the one hand, and the rise in Mainline’s profits, on the other.
(B) It presents no evidence showing that employee-owned airlines are any more profitable than other airlines.
(C) It assumes that the profits of Mainline Airways will continue to rise.
(D) It gives no exact figures for the current profits of Mainline Airways.
(E) It fails to explain how the profits of Mainline Airways are calculated.

At many colleges today, regulations have been imposed that forbid the use in speech or print of language that “offends” or “insults” the members of any group, especially women and racial, ethnic, and religious minorities. Although these regulations are defended in the name of “democracy,” they restrict freedom of speech and the press in a way that opposes the true spirit of democracy.

The argument above attempts to prove its case primarily by

(A) impugning the credentials of an opponent
(B) providing examples that support a theoretical principle
(C) taking advantage of inconsistencies in the definition of “democracy”
(D) revealing a contradiction in an opposing point of view
(E) appealing to the patriotic feelings of its audience

In 1980, a Danish ten-øre coin minted in 1747 was sold at auction for $8,000. Eleanor Bixby owns another Danish ten-øre coin minted in 1747. When she puts it on the market next week, it will fetch a price over $18,000.

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion drawn above?

(A) Since 1980, the average price for rare coins has increased by over 150 percent.
(B) There are only four coins like the one in question in the entire world.
(C) Since 1980, the consumer price index has risen by over 150 percent.
(D) In 1986, a previously unknown cache of one hundred coins just like the one in question was found.
(E) Thirty prominent, wealthy coin collectors are expected to bid for Bixby’s coin.

Merco has been in business longer than Nolen. Inc, Olean Industries was founded years before the Potter Company, and the Potter Company was started years after the Quarles Corporation. Nolen, Inc., and the Quarles Corporation were founded in the same year.

If the information above is true, which of the following must also be true?

(A) Olean Industries has been in business for more years than Merco.
(B) Olean Industries has been in business for more years than the Quarles Corporation.
(C) Nolen, Inc., has not been in business for as many years as Olean Industries.
(D) Merco has been in business for more years than the Potter Company.
(E) Nolen, Inc., has not been in business for as many years as the Potter Company.

Which of the following best completes the passage below?

A primary factor in perpetuating the low salaries of women workers has been their segregation in the so-called pink-collar occupations, such as nursing, teaching, library science, and secretarial work. Partly because these jobs have traditionally been held by women, their salary levels have been depressed, and, despite increased attempts to unionize these workers in recent years, their pay continues to lag. Moreover, although a large percentage of women than ever before are now entering and remaining in the job market, most continue to gravitate toward the pink-collar fields, despite the lower salaries. It seems clear, therefore, that if the average salaries of women workers are to approach those of men, ______

(A) labor unions must redouble their efforts to improve the lot of working women
(B) society’s perception of pink-collar jobs as less important and less demanding than other jobs must be changed
(C) more men must be encouraged to enter fields traditionally occupied by women
(D) the number of jobs in the pink-collar fields relative to the size of the work force as a whole must be markedly increased
(E) more women must enter occupations other than those traditionally reserved for them

Which of the following best completes the passage below?

Monarch butterflies, whose average life span is nine months, migrate from the midwestern United States to selected forests outside Mexico City. It takes at least three generations of monarchs to make the journey, so the great-great-grandchildren who finally arrive in the Mexican forests have never been there before. Yet they return to the same trees their forebears left. Scientists theorize that monarchs, like homing pigeons, map their routes according to the earth’s electromagnetic fields. As a first step in testing this theory, lepidopterists plan to install a low-voltage transmitter inside one grove of “butterfly trees” in the Mexican forests. If the butterflies are either especially attracted to the grove with the transmitter or especially repelled by it, lepidopterists will have evidence that______

(A) monarch butterflies have brains, however minuscule
(B) monarch butterflies are sensitive to electricity
(C) low-voltage electricity can affect butterflies, whether positively or adversely
(D) monarchs map their routes according to the earth’s electromagnetic fields
(E) monarchs communicate in intergenerationally via electromagnetic fields

Dr. A: The new influenza vaccine is useless at best and possibly dangerous. I would never use it on a patient.
Dr. B: But three studies published in the Journal of Medical Associates have rated that vaccine as unusually effective.
Dr. A: The studies must have been faulty because the vaccine is worthless.

In which of the following is the reasoning most similar to that of Dr. A?

(A) Three of my patients have been harmed by that vaccine during the past three weeks, so the vaccine is unsafe.
(B) Jerrold Jersey recommends this milk, and I don’t trust Jerrold Jersey, so I won’t buy this milk.
(C) Wingzz tennis balls perform best because they are far more effective than any other tennis balls.
(D) I’m buying Vim Vitamins. Doctors recommend them more often than they recommend any other vitamins, so Vim Vitamins must be good.
(E) Since University of Muldoon graduates score about 20 percent higher than average on the GMAT, Sheila Lee, a University of Muldoon graduate, will score about 20 percent higher than average when she takes the GMAT.

Manufacturers of household appliances are still urging the public to purchase food processors. The various manufacturers’ advertisements all point out that the prices of these appliances are now lower than ever and that each food processor comes with a lifetime service warranty. In addition, many manufacturers offer sizable rebates to customers who purchase food processors within a given time period. With these incentives, the advertisements contend, people can hardly afford not to purchase food processors.
Which answer choice is a logically prior issue that the manufacturers’ advertisements fail to address?

(A) Whether the cost of repairs to the food processors over the years will cancel out the savings currently being offered
(B) Whether potential customers have enough uses for food processors to justify purchasing them
(C) Whether the heads of the companies manufacturing food processors own food processors themselves
(D) Whether the food processors currently being advertised will be outdated within the next five years
(E) Whether accessories and replacement parts will be readily available at retail outlets

Since the invention of digital readout, machine designers have rushed to replace conventional dials and gauges with digital units. Yet the digital gauge has drawbacks in some situations. Since it presents an exact numeric value, it must be decoded and analyzed by a human operator; its meaning cannot be read in an instantaneous scanning. An analog dial or gauge can be marked with red to alert the operator when a value is entering a danger zone; a digital gauge cannot. And it is difficult to tell whether a digital readout is increasing or decreasing over time, while the up or down movement of a pointer on an analog gauge can be quickly and easily observed.
The author of the passage above would probably recommend the use of digital gauge in cases when

I.     warning of a sudden rise or fall in value is needed
II.     an operator must read and interpret several gauges within a few seconds
III.    a precise numeric value is essential

(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and III only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III

Harper’s Pencils manufactures and sells the same pencils as Johnson’s Supply. Employee wages account for forty percent of the cost of manufacturing pencils at both factories. Harper’s is seeking a competitive edge over Johnson’s supply. Therefore, to promote this end, Harper’s should lower employee wages.
Which of the following, if true, seriously weakens the argument above?

A) Because they make a small number of specialty artist’s pencils, pencil manufacturers cannot receive volume discounts on raw materials.
B) Lowering wages would reduce the quality of employee work and this reduced quality would lead to lowered sales.
C) Harper’s Pencils has taken away twenty percent of Johnson’s Supply business over the last year.
D) Johnson’s Supply pays its employees, on average, ten percent more than does Harper’s Pencils.
E) Many people who work for manufacturing plants live in areas in which the manufacturing plant they work for is the only industry.

A valid argument is often defined as one in which it is not possible for all the premises to be true and the conclusion false. A circular argument is sometimes defined as one in which one of the premises is identical to the conclusion. From these definitions we can infer that…

A. Every circular argument is valid as long as its premises are true.
B. Every valid argument is circular.
C. No circular argument is valid.
D. Some circular arguments are valid, and some are not.
E. Some circular arguments are not valid, and some valid arguments are not circular.

After graduating form high school, people rarely multiply fractions or discuss ancient Rome, but they are confronted daily with decisions relating to home economics. Yet whereas mathematics and history are required courses in the high school curriculum, home economics is only an elective, and few students choose to take it. Which of the following positions would be best supported by the considerations above?

(A) If mathematics and history were not required courses, few students would choose to take them.

(B) Whereas home economics would be the most useful subject for people facing the decisions they must make in daily life, often mathematics and history can also help them face these decisions.

(C) If it is important to teach high school students subjects that relate to decisions that will confront them in their daily lives, then home economics should be made an important part of the high school curriculum.

(D) Mathematics, history, and other courses that are not directly relevant to a person’s daily life should not be a required part of the high school curriculum.

(E) Unless high schools put more emphasis on nonacademic subjects like home economics, people graduating from high school will never feel comfortable about making the decisions that will confront them in their daily lives.

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Researchers recently discovered that lipstick can become contaminated with bacteria that causes mononucleosis. They found that contamination usually occurs after the lipstick has been used for six months. For that reason, women should dispose of any lipstick after six months of use. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion above?

A) The researchers could not discover why lipstick contamination usually occurred only after six months of use.
B) The researchers failed to investigate contamination of lipstick by viruses, yeasts, and other pathogenic microorganisms.
C) The researchers found that among women who used lipstick contaminated with bacteria that causes mononucleosis, the incidence of these diseases was no higher than among people who used uncontaminated lipsticks.
D) The researchers found that people who wiped their lipsticks clean after each use were as likely to have contaminated lipsticks as were people who never wiped their lipsticks.
E) The researchers found that, after six weeks of use, greater length of use of a lipstick did not correlate with a higher number of bacteria being present.

A researcher discovered that people who have low levels of immune-system activity tend to score much lower on tests of mental health than do people with normal or high immune-system activity. The researcher concluded from this experiment that the immune system protects against mental illness as well as against physical disease.
The researcher’s conclusion depends on which of the following assumptions?

A) High immune-system activity protects against mental illness better than normal immune-system activity does.
B) Mental illness is similar to physical disease in its effects on body systems.
C) People with high immune-system activity cannot develop mental illness.
D) Mental illness does not cause people’s immune-system activity to decrease.
E) Psychological treatment of mental illness is not as effective as is medical treatment.

Houses built during the last ten years have been found to contain indoor air pollution at levels that
are, on average, much higher than the levels found in older houses. The reason air-pollution levels are higher in the newer houses is that many such houses are built near the sites of old waste dumps or where automobile emissions are heavy. Which of the following, if true, calls into question
the explanation above?

(A) Many new houses are built with air-filtration systems that remove from the house pollu-
tants that are generated indoors.
(B) The easing of standards for smokestack emis- sions has led to an increase in air-pollution
levels in homes.
(C) New houses built in secluded rural areas are relatively free of air pollutants.
(D) Warm-weather conditions tend to slow down the movement of air, thus keeping pollution
trapped near its source.
(E) Pressboard, an inexpensive new plywood substi- tute now often used in the construction of
houses, emit

Dr. Summer: But an expected level of heart disease is 5 percent, or in other words, 1 out of every 20 people. So at any given time if a person knows approximately 50

people, 1 or more will very likely suffer from heart disease.1st question: Dr. Summer’s argument is structured to lead to which of the following conclusion?

A) The fact that 90 percent of the people know someone who suffers from heart disease is not an indication that heart disease is abnormally high.
B) The current level of heart disease is not moderate.
C) If at least 5 percent of the population suffered from heart disease, the result of questioning a representative group of people cannot be the percentage the interviewer cites.
D) It is unlikely that the people whose statements the interviewer cites are giving accurate reports.
E) If a person with heart disease is given as a certain percent, the actual percentage of those with heart disease is even higher.

Woodsmoke contains dangerous toxins that cause changes in human cells. Because woodsmoke presents such a high health risk, legislation is needed to regu- late the use of open-air fires and wood-burning stoves. Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the argument above?

(A) The amount of dangerous toxins contained in woodsmoke is much less than the amount
contained in an equal volume of automobile exhaust.
(B) Within the jurisdiction covered by the proposed legislation, most heating and cooking is done
with oil or natural gas.
(C) Smoke produced by coal-burning stoves is signif- icantly more toxic than smoke from wood-
burning stoves.
(D) No significant beneficial effect on air quality would result if open-air fires were banned within the jurisdiction covered by the proposed legislation.
(E) In valleys where wood is used as the primary heating fuel, the concentration of smoke results
in poor air quali

You can transfer your ISA to another manager but please note that you can only transfer the whole of an ISA for a current tax year to the same component of the same type of ISA. However, you can transfer some or all of the investments you hold in ISAs for previous tax years, from one component of an ISA to the same component of any mini or maxi ISA. Although we do not currently intend to make a transfer-out charge, we have the right to make a charge of £50 for each transfer.

Which of the following operations are specifically forbidden by this regulation?

Transferring an entire maxi ISA to the maxi ISA of another ISA manager. Transferring a mini ISA from last year to a mini ISA for this year. Transferring a maxi ISA from two years ago to a maxi ISA for this year. Transferring a maxi ISA to a mini ISA for another ISA manager. Putting extra money into either a mini or maxi ISA.

Please provide some explanation for this problem.

Headway is now targeted at a wider readership – to include all NUT members who are on the leadership salary spine. This year’s NUT membership credential gave members the opportunity to identify themselves as teachers on the leadership spine and Headway will, in future, be mailed directly to all members so identified.

From the text above, which of the following can we reasonably conclude?

Headway is a free newspaper. Formerly, the readership of Headway did not include members on the leadership salary spine. Teachers can only be present on the leadership spine thanks to the NUT. The readership for Headway will increase in future years. Teachers cannot get access to Headway unless it is mailed to them.