Based on comprehensive longitudinal studies of accident prevention, several states have passed laws requiring children under the age of 18 to wear helmets when they roller blade.  Yet a surprising result has been observed.  Even though a large number of children wear helmets while roller blading, more head injuries than expected have been reported.  This result persists, even though the studies have clearly shown that wearing a helmet reduces the incidence of head injuries.

Which of the following statements, if true, best explains the unexpected finding?

(A)  A large number of parents are not complying with the law regarding helmets for their children

(B)  More children are roller blading now than when the helmet law was introduced

(C)  More accidents are reported now, in compliance with state insurance laws

(D)  Many children do not properly secure the helmet’s chin strap, and the helmet does not work properly

(E)  Helmets were not designed to prevent all head injuries, so it is not surprising that they still occur

The following notice was received by Jade Davis, an entrepreneur.

“We regret that your press release cannot be accepted.  Page limitations in the Times force the editor to return many worthy and well-written press releases.”

All of the following may be inferred from the information above, EXCEPT

(A)  only well-written press releases were accepted for publication

(B)  Davis’s press release was considered to be well-written

(C)  Davis’s press release was found to be too long for the Times

(D)  Davis’s press release was considered to be worthy of publication

(E)  writing was not the only factor in deciding which press releases to publish

Some sociologists believe that religious sects such as the Quaker-based Quiet Ones, who believe the end of the world is imminent and seek to purify their souls by, among other things, abstaining completely from sexual relations, are a product of growing disaffection with modern, industrialized and urbanized living.  As evidence, they cite the fact that there are no other active organizations of the same type which are more than 40 or 50 years old.  The evidence, however, fails to support the conclusion for  ____________.

Which of the following is the most logical completion for the passage?

(A)  the restrictions on sexual relations are such that the only source of new members is outside recruitment, so such sects tend to die out after a generation or two

(B)  it is simply not possible to gauge the intensity of religious fervor by the length of time the religious sect remains viable

(C)  the Quiet Ones group may actually survive beyond the second generation of its existence

(D)  there are other religious sects that emphasize group sexual activity which currently have several hundred members

(E)  the Quiet Ones are a Quaker-based organization and have no members in the Northeast, which is even more heavily urban and industrialized than Quaker country

One way for reducing commuting time for those who work in the cities is to increase the speed at which traffic moves downtown.  This can be accomplished by raising the tolls on the tunnels and bridges connecting the city with other communities.  This will discourage auto traffic into the city and will encourage people to use public transportation instead.

Which of the following, if true, would LEAST weaken the argument above?

(A)  Nearly all of the traffic in the center of the city is commercial traffic which will continue despite the toll increases

(B)  Some people now driving alone into the city would choose to car pool with each other rather than use public transportation

(C)  Any temporary improvement in traffic flow would be lost because the improvement itself would attract more cars

(D)  The numbers of commuters who would be deterred by the toll increases would be insignificant

(E)  The public transportation system is not able to handle any significant increase in the number of commuters using the system

Recent highly visible court cases have led some legislators to question the very nature of specific inalienable constitutional rights.  The First Amendment guarantees freedom of religion, allowing parents to decline medical care for their seriously ill children, due to religious beliefs. This often sparks debate.  If a child can be saved with medical intervention, should the parents be legally bound to accept that treatment, despite religious convictions to the contrary?  While freedom of religion is inherently good, it is a right that should be preserved according to specific preconditions.

Which of the following represents the most logical continuation of the passage?

(A)  However, when discussing this issue, no one can accurately guess the intent of the authors of the constitution

(B)  Though, since we hold the truth of these rights to be self-evident, they cannot be questioned or compromised

(C)  Yet there will always be those who argue that this freedom must remain absolute to preserve the integrity of the Bill of Rights

(D)  Yet a defenseless child lacks the constitutional rights to intervene medically on its behalf

(E)  Clearly, the authors of the Bill of Rights did not anticipate future cases that would require specific protection for the rights of defenseless children

Two business school students, Maya and Dana, received the same overall grade in only one of four classes.  Each grade was on a scale of 1 to 10.

From which of the following statements can one determine whose average overall grade was higher?

(A)  Maya graduated at the top of her class
(B)  Maya’s lowest grade was less than or equal to Dana’s highest grade
(C)  Maya’s highest grade and Dana’s lowest grade were in the same class
(D)  Maya scored higher than Dana in two areas and neither girl scored lower than 5 in any class
(E)  Dana received a grade of 10 in three classes and Maya did not score higher than 8 in any class

In comparison with the socially relevant documentaries produced by the Guggenheimer Museum directors, Montreal’s sociologists have produced nothing even remotely groundbreaking.

(A)    In comparison with the socially relevant documentaries produced by the Guggenheimer Museum directors, Montreal’s sociologists have produced nothing even remotely groundbreaking.

(B)  In comparison with the socially relevant documentaries produced by the Guggenheimer Museum directors, the documentaries from Montreal’s sociologists are containing nothing even remotely groundbreaking.

(C)  Compared to that of the Guggenheimer Museum directors, Montreal’s sociologists have produced nothing even remotely groundbreaking.

(D)  Compared to those produced by the Guggenheimer Museum sociologists, the socially relevant documentaries of Montreal’s sociologists are not even remotely groundbreaking.

(E)  Compared to the Guggenheimer Museum socially relevant documentaries, Montreal’s sociologists  have produced nothing even remotely groundbreaking.

Recently, several advertisers have withdrawn their advertisements from Magazine X, claiming that it was due to the fact that the editorial board of the magazine had decided to change the image that the magazine portrays from one of family values to one concerned more with sex and violence. Surely this indicates that the decision-makers in advertising companies do still have a sense of moral propriety that occasionally drives their actions.
Which of the following, if true, would strengthen this conclusion?

 The advertisers regularly review the placement of their advertisements.

 It is a rare event for several advertisers to withdraw all their advertisements simultaneously from a publication.

 The advertisers, when questioned, admitted that their clients would lose revenue as a result of the advertisements being withdrawn.

 The advertisers all placed new advertisements with other publications that emphasised family values.

 A survey of the readership of Magazine X suggested that the majority of the readership think that the standard of the magazine’s contents had falled since its transformation.

What was Casey’s total score for eighteen holes of golf?
(1) Casey’s score for the first nine holes was 13 less than his score for the last nine holes.
(2) Twice Casey’s score for the last nine holes was 58 more than his score for the first nine holes.
A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.

The airline industry is cutting its lowest discount fares more widely, more substantially, and earlier this year than it normally does at the end of the summer, a time during which travel usually decreases and the industry uses some lower fares for the attraction of passengers.

(A) during which travel usually decreases and the industry uses some lower fares for the attraction of
(B) during which travel usually decreases and therefore the industry will use some lower fares for the attraction of
(C) in which travel usually decreases and in which the industry therefore uses some lower fares
attracting
(D) when travel usually decreases and the industry uses some lower fares to attract
(E) when travel usually decreases and therefore the industry will use lower fares for the attraction of

Caesarea was Herod’s city, founded as a Romanized counterweight to Hebraic Jerusalem, and being such it was regarded with loathing by the devout.

a) being such
b) as such
c) for this
d) so
e) so being

What is the value of x?

(1) When x is multiplied by 8, the result is between 50 and 60.
(2) When x is doubled, the result is between 10 and 15.

A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.

As an experienced labor organizer and the former head of one of the nation’s most powerful labor unions, Grayson is an excellent choice to chair the new council on business-labor relations.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion above?

(A) The new council must have the support of the nation’s labor leaders if it is to succeed.
(B) During his years as a labor leader, Grayson established a record of good relations with business leaders.
(C) The chair of the new council must be a person who can communicate directly with the leaders of the nation’s largest labor unions.
(D) Most of the other members of the new council will be representatives of business management interests.
(E) An understanding of the needs and problems of labor is the only qualification necessary for the job of chairing the new council.

Since applied scientific research is required for tech- nological advancement, many have rightly urged an increased emphasis in universities on applied research. But we must not give too little attention to basic research, even though it may have no foresee- able application, for tomorrow’s applied research will depend on the basic research of today. If the statements above are true, which of the following can be most reliably inferred?

(A) If future technological advancement is desired, basic research should receive greater
emphasis than applied research.
(B) If basic research is valued in universities, applied research should be given less emphasis than it currently has.
(C) If future technological advancement is desired, research should be limited to that with some
foreseeable application.
(D) If too little attention is given to basic research today, future technological advancement will
be jeopardized.
(E) If technological advancement is given insuffi- cient emphasis, basic research will also receive too little attention.

Having discovered the child prodigy John Klein to be suffering from attention deficit disorder (ADD), it is now thought that this was a major cause of his anger and recurrent clinical depression.

(A)  Having discovered the child prodigy John Klein to be suffering from attention deficit disorder (ADD),

(B)  To have discovered the child prodigy John Klein to be suffering from attention deficit disorder (ADD),

(C)  Since historians have discovered that the child prodigy John Klein suffered from attention deficit disorder (ADD),

(D)  Since the suffering of attention deficit disorder (ADD) by the child prodigy John Klein was discovered by historians,

(E)  Due to the fact that the child prodigy John Klein was suffering from attention deficit disorder (ADD) was discovered by historians,

A plethora of studies by physicians, psychologists and exercise physiologists confirm that renewed vitality and improved performance are afforded by recreation to the body and to the mind.

(A)  renewed vitality and improved performance are afforded by recreation to the body and to the mind.

(B)  recreation affords renewed vitality and improved performance to the body and to the mind

(C)  there are afforded renewed vitality and improved performance to the body and to the mind

(C)  by recreation the body and mind are afforded renewed vitality and improved performance

(E)  the body and the mind afford renewed vitality and improved performance to themselves by recreation

Because of his closed head injury, Dr. Connors has not and possibly never will be able to practice medicine again.

(A)  has not and possibly never will be able to practice

(B)  has not and possibly will never be able to practice

(C)  has not been and possibly never would be able to practice

(D)  has not and possibly never would be able to practice

(E)  has not been able to practice and possibly never will be able to practice

Advertising for weight-loss products manipulates people by arbitrarily defining key terms in ways that will serve the weight-loss industry’s goal of making money. Consider the word “overweight.” At what point does a normal person weighing x pounds become “overweight,” at x + 1 pounds, or x + 2 pounds, or x + 3 pounds? The decision to say x + 4 or whatever is purely arbitrary. The word “overweight” is totally meaningless.

Which of the following is most similar to the reasoning above?

(A) Laws that set minimum ages for certain activities such as driving a car are not intended to legislate a distinction between “child” and “adult.” Some “children” could begin to drive at 14; others not until 20 or older. But it would be prohibitively expensive to take applications on a case-by-case basis, so it is necessary to draw the line somewhere.

(B) Advertising for the hair-replacement industry doesn’t generally use terms like “bald” in an absolute sense. Instead, the ads use phrases like “hair loss.” That way anyone who began with x hairs and now has x – 1 hairs can seem to be in need of a hair-replacement technique.

(C) In the legend, Theseus is adrift in the middle of the ocean on a raft. As he salvages floating timber, he one-by-one replaces each of the timbers of the raft until none of the original timbers remain. Since it is impossible to say when the old raft became the new raft, it makes no sense to talk about the raft of Theseus.

(D) The typical school system is divided into grades, the assumption being that a student in a higher level grade is working at a more advanced level than a student in a lower level grade. But we know from experience that sixth-grade work at School X may be taught in the fifth-grade at School Y. So grade comparisons should be made only within a school.

(E) The medical practice of triage was developed by Napoleon. It divides battle casualties into three groups: Those likely to survive, those not likely to survive, and those in the middle. Surgeons then concentrate on those in the middle. The theory is that those likely to survive don’t need immediate medical attention, and those unlikely to survive won’t benefit from medical attention.

What is the sum of a certain pair of consecutive odd integers?

(1) At least one of the integers is negative.
(2) At least one of the integers is positive.

A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.

A President entering the final two years of a second term is likely to be at a severe disadvantage and is often unable to carry out a legislative program.

(A) likely to be at a severe disadvantage and is often unable to
(B) likely severely disadvantaged and often unable to
(C) liable to be severely disadvantaged and cannot often
(D) liable that he or she is at a severe disadvantage and cannot often
(E) at a severe disadvantage, often likely to be unable that he or she can

In Los Angeles, a political candidate who buys saturation TV advertising will get maximum name recognition. The statement above logically conveys which of the following?

A) TV advertising is the most important factor in political campaigns in Los Angeles.
B) Maximum name recognition in Los Angeles will help a candidate to win a higher percentage of votes cast in the city.
C) Saturation TV advertising reaches every demographically distinct sector of the voting population of Los Angeles.
D) For maximum name recognition a candidate need not spend on media channels other than TV advertising.
E) A candidate’s record of achievement in the Los Angeles area will do little to affect his or her name recognition there.