A conventional view of nineteenth-century Britain holds that iron manufacturers and textile manufacturers from the north of England became the wealthiest and most powerful people in society after about 1832. According to Marxist historians, these industrialists were the target of the working class in its struggle for power. A new study by Rubinstein, however, suggests [...]

Affording strategic proximity to the Strait of Gibraltar, Morocco was also of interest to the French throughout the first half of the twentieth century because they assumed that if they did not  hold it, their grip on Algeria was always insecure. (A) if they did not hold it, their grip in Algeria was always insecure [...]

Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives, capitalized on her keen observation and love of the natural world. (A) Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives, (B) In her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her narratives, Beatrix Potter (C) In her book illustrations, which [...]

Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages were caused by variations in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. For sometime this theory was considered untestable, largely because there was no sufficiently precise chronology of the ice ages with which the orbital variations could be matched. To establish such a chronology it [...]

Unlike the lives of Pushkin, Gogol, Tolstoi, and Dostoevski, subjects of other Troyat biographies, Chekhov belongs to the twentieth century, an age of fretfulness and melancholy skepticism. (A) Unlike the lives of Pushkin, Gogol, Tolstoi, and Dostoevski, subjects of other Troyat biographies, Chekhov belongs (B) Chekhov, unlike the other Troyat biographies of Pushkin, Gogol, Tolstoi, [...]

In terms of physics, the characteristic feature of the roller coaster is that the cars’ potential energy, gained through their being lifted by a chain drive through the Earth’s gravity to the top of the first drop, has been converted to kinetic energy by the time the ride ends. (A) cars’ potential energy, gained through [...]

According to some analysts, whatever its merits, the proposal to tax away all capital gains on short-term investments would, if enacted, have a disastrous effect on Wall Street trading and employment. (A) its merits, the proposal to tax (B) its merits may be, the proposal of taxing (C) its merits as a proposal, taxing (D) [...]

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In choosing a method for determining climatic conditions that existed in the past, paleoclimatologists invoke four principal criteria. First, the material—rocks, lakes, vegetation, etc.—on which the method relies must be widespread enough to provide plenty of information, since analysis of material that is rarely encountered will not permit correlation with other regions or with other [...]

Judge Lois Forer’s study asks why do some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed among rich and poor. (A) do some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of [...]

The average weekly wage nearly doubled in the l970′ s, rising from $ 114 to $ 220, yet the average worker ended the decade with a decrease in what their pay may buy. (A)  with a decrease in what their pay may buy (B)  with what was a decrease in what they were able to [...]

The Avary Company hired a consulting firm to advise it on how to improve retention of new employees. Avary implemented several of the consulting firm’s recommendations, and, as a result, only 5 percent of newly hired clerical staff left within twelve months of hiring, but fully 10 percent of newly hired professional staff left during [...]

If industrial pollution continues to deplete the ozone layer, the resulting increase in ultraviolet radiation will endanger human health, causing a rise in the incidence of skin cancer and eye disease, and perhaps even threatening global ecological systems. (A)  and perhaps even threatening (B)  and may even threaten (C)  and even a possible threat to [...]

The National Centers for Disease Control looked at death certificates from 1980 to 1992 and found a 58 percent increase in infectious disease deaths. Yet, the United States gets new drugs to market more slowly than any other major industrial nation. Total drug approval times have jumped from eight years in 1960 to more than [...]